Genetically Engineered Organisms: Possibilities and Challenges of Heavy Metal Removal and Nanoparticle Synthesis

Heavy metal removal using genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) offer more cost and energy-efficient, safer, greener, environmentally-friendly opportunities as opposed to conventional strategies requiring hazardous or toxic chemicals, complex processes, high pressure/temperature. Additionally, GEOs exhibited superior potentials for biosynthesis of nanoparticles with significant capabilities in bioreduction heavy ions that get accumulated nanocrystals various shapes/dimensions. In this context, GEO-aided nanoparticle assembly the related reaction conditions should be optimized. Such encompassing biosynthesized conforming green chemistry precepts help minimize deployment precursors capitalize on safety sustainability ensuing nanoparticle. Different improved uptake appropriation have been examined biorecovery appliances, but effective implementation industrial-scale practices is nearly absent. perspective, recent developments are deliberated, focusing important challenges future directions.